Farmers’ agitations in India have been a recurring feature of the agrarian landscape, driven by issues like exploitative land systems, high taxes, low crop prices, debt burdens, land acquisition, and policy reforms that favor corporates over smallholders. These movements span the colonial era (pre-1947) and post-independence period, involving diverse regions, leaders, and outcomes. Below is a chronological summary of major agitations based on historical records, including causes, outcomes, government responses, and perceptions of how farmers were treated. The analysis draws from a distribution of sources, including academic studies, Wikipedia summaries, and news reports, to represent stakeholder views (e.g., farmers’ unions, government statements, and critics). Note that “treatment” is subjective and based on substantiated accounts of negotiations vs. suppression; colonial British governments often used force, while post-independence responses varied by ruling party and context.
Table of Contents
Pre-Independence Movements (Under British Colonial Rule)
These were largely anti-colonial, targeting exploitative revenue systems and forced cultivation. The British response was typically repressive but sometimes concessional due to mass pressure.
- Pagri Sambhal Jatta Agitation (1907, Punjab)
- Causes: Opposition to three British laws—the Punjab Land Alienation Act (1900, restricted land sales to non-agriculturists), the Punjab Colonisation of Land Act (1906, increased water rates and restricted inheritance rights in canal colonies), and the Doab Bari Act (1907, imposed additional taxes on irrigated lands). Farmers feared loss of land ownership, higher costs, and erosion of rights.
- Leaders: Ajit Singh (Bhagat Singh’s uncle), Lala Lajpat Rai, Banke Dayal (who composed the iconic song and slogan “Pagri Sambhal Jatta,” meaning “Protect your turban/honor, O farmer”).
- Outcomes: Achieved – The British Viceroy vetoed the Colonisation Bill and withdrew oppressive provisions of the other acts due to widespread unrest.
- Government Response: Initially repressive with deportations of leaders like Ajit Singh and Lajpat Rai to Mandalay jail without trial; banned meetings. However, conceded under pressure from mass protests and civil disobedience to avoid broader rebellion.
- Treatment of Farmers: Mixed – Harsh repression through deportations and bans, but eventual listening and concessions without large-scale violence, marking it as a successful non-violent peasant struggle.
- Champaran Satyagraha (1917, Bihar)
- Causes: Forced indigo cultivation under the tinkathia system (farmers had to dedicate land to indigo for landlords), low payments, and exploitation by European planters.
- Leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, Raj Kumar Shukla.
- Outcomes: Achieved – Tinkathia system abolished, rents reduced by 25%, and indigo cultivation made voluntary.
- Government Response: British authorities initially resisted but appointed an inquiry committee; negotiated settlement after Gandhi’s non-violent protest.
- Treatment of Farmers: Relatively respectful after initial arrests; Gandhi’s involvement forced dialogue, avoiding major violence.
- Kheda Satyagraha (1918, Gujarat)
- Causes: High land taxes during drought and famine; farmers demanded tax remission.
- Leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel.
- Outcomes: Partially achieved – Taxes suspended for the poor, full payment for the wealthy.
- Government Response: Initial refusal, but conceded after satyagraha (non-cooperation).
- Treatment of Farmers: Fair after protest; no widespread violence, as British avoided escalation.
- Bardoli Satyagraha (1928, Gujarat)
- Causes: 30% hike in land revenue assessment despite crop failure.
- Leaders: Vallabhbhai Patel (dubbed “Sardar” here).
- Outcomes: Achieved – Tax increase revoked, assessment reduced to 6%.
- Government Response: Appointed inquiry committee; negotiated after boycott and protests.
- Treatment of Farmers: Respectful resolution; British conceded to avoid broader unrest.
- Tebhaga Movement (1946-47, Bengal)
- Causes: Sharecroppers (bargadars) demanded 2/3 share of produce instead of 1/2; exploitative zamindari system.
- Leaders: Bengal Provincial Kisan Sabha (Communist-led).
- Outcomes: Partially achieved – Led to Bargadari Act (1950) post-independence, but immediate suppression halted gains.
- Government Response: British and landlords used police force; arrests and violence.
- Treatment of Farmers: Badly – Repression, killings, and evictions; viewed as biased toward landlords.
- Telangana Peasant Rebellion (1946-51, Hyderabad State)
- Causes: Feudal exploitation by landlords (dorais), forced labor, high rents; agrarian inequality.
- Leaders: Communist Party of India, Sundarayya.
- Outcomes: Partially achieved – Land redistributed in rebel areas (1 million acres), influenced post-independence reforms.
- Government Response: Nizam’s forces and later Indian Army suppressed it violently after integration.
- Treatment of Farmers: Badly – Thousands killed, villages razed; post-1947 Indian govt (Congress) used military force.
Post-Independence Movements
Post-1947, movements shifted to issues like land reforms, MSP demands, debt relief, globalization, and land acquisition. Governments (mostly Congress early on, later BJP, regional parties) mixed negotiations with force. Land reforms in 1950s-60s under Congress were progressive but incomplete.
- Anti-Betterment Levy Struggle (1952-53, Andhra Pradesh)
- Causes: Levy on irrigated land under delta projects; seen as burdensome.
- Leaders: Communist-led Kisan Sabha.
- Outcomes: Achieved – Levy reduced or waived in parts.
- Government Response: Congress govt negotiated after protests.
- Treatment of Farmers: Respectful; concessions granted without major violence.
- Naxalbari Uprising (1967, West Bengal)
- Causes: Land inequality, sharecropper exploitation post-reforms.
- Leaders: Charu Majumdar (CPI-ML).
- Outcomes: Not achieved – Suppressed, but inspired Naxalite movement.
- Government Response: Left Front (CPI-M) and central govt used police; killings.
- Treatment of Farmers: Badly – Violent crackdown, extrajudicial killings.
- Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU) Agitations (1980s-90s, Uttar Pradesh/Punjab/Haryana)
- Causes: Low crop prices, high input costs, debt; demand for MSP hikes, loan waivers.
- Leaders: Mahendra Singh Tikait.
- Outcomes: Partially achieved – 1989 loan waiver under Rajiv Gandhi; influenced policy.
- Government Response: Congress (Rajiv) negotiated; some force in rallies.
- Treatment of Farmers: Mixed, but respectful under Rajiv – Listened to demands, provided relief.
- Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha (KRRS) Protests (1980s-2000s, Karnataka)
- Causes: Globalization, WTO agreements, GM seeds; low prices.
- Leaders: M.D. Nanjundaswamy.
- Outcomes: Partially achieved – Influenced anti-GM policies.
- Government Response: Mixed; negotiations but arrests during anti-MNC actions.
- Treatment of Farmers: Fair; state govts (various) engaged but suppressed radical actions.
- Shetkari Sanghatana Movement (1980s-90s, Maharashtra)
- Causes: Remunerative prices, free market for farmers.
- Leaders: Sharad Joshi.
- Outcomes: Partially achieved – Influenced liberalization debates.
- Government Response: Congress-led; dialogues but limited concessions.
- Treatment of Farmers: Respectful; listened but slow implementation.
- Nandigram Anti-SEZ Protests (2007, West Bengal)
- Causes: Land acquisition for chemical hub; displacement without compensation.
- Leaders: Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee.
- Outcomes: Achieved – Project cancelled.
- Government Response: Left Front (CPI-M) used police firing; 14 killed.
- Treatment of Farmers: Badly – Violence, seen as authoritarian.
- Kisan Long March (2018, Maharashtra)
- Causes: Loan waivers, MSP, drought relief.
- Leaders: All India Kisan Sabha.
- Outcomes: Partially achieved – Govt promised waivers.
- Government Response: BJP state govt negotiated.
- Treatment of Farmers: Respectful; demands addressed post-march.
- Causes: Three farm laws allowing corporate entry, bypassing mandis; fear of MSP end, contract farming exploitation.
- Leaders: Samyukta Kisan Morcha (unions).
- Outcomes: Achieved – Laws repealed in Nov 2021 after year-long sit-in.
- Government Response: BJP (Modi) initially barricaded roads, used water cannons/tear gas; labeled protesters “anti-national”; later repealed due to elections.
- Treatment of Farmers: Badly at first (force, internet shutdowns); eventual listening but after 700+ deaths.
- 2024-25 Farmers’ Protest
- Causes: Legal guarantee for MSP on all crops, loan waivers, withdrawal of cases from 2020.
- Leaders: Samyukta Kisan Morcha (Non-Political).
- Outcomes: Not achieved yet; partial talks ongoing as of 2025.
- Government Response: BJP (Modi) barricaded highways, used drones/tear gas; offered talks but no firm commitments.
- Treatment of Farmers: Badly – Heavy policing, injuries; critics say govt ignores core demands.
Overall Analysis: Government Treatment and Resolution Patterns
- Governments that Treated Farmers with Respect and Listened Carefully: Early Congress govts (Nehru/Indira era, 1950s-70s) implemented land reforms and listened during initial post-independence struggles, though implementation was uneven. Rajiv Gandhi’s Congress (1980s) conceded loan waivers after BKU protests, showing dialogue. In colonial times, figures like Vallabhbhai Patel influenced respectful approaches in movements like Bardoli.
- Governments that Treated Farmers Badly: British colonial (pre-1947) often suppressed with force (e.g., Tebhaga, initial response to Pagri Sambhal Jatta via deportations). Post-indep, Left Front in Bengal (2007 Nandigram) used lethal force. BJP under Modi (2020-25) faced criticism for initial repression, barricades, and labeling protesters as “terrorists,” though eventual concessions in 2021.
- How Governments Tackled/Resolved: Mix of negotiation (e.g., inquiry committees pre-indep, talks in 1980s), concessions (law repeals, waivers), and force (police, army). Resolutions were more likely when movements were non-violent and mass-based (e.g., Gandhi-led, Pagri Sambhal Jatta). Unachieved demands often led to ongoing issues like MSP guarantees.
- Causes Common Across Eras: Economic exploitation, low incomes, debt, policy biases toward industry/corporates. Solutions achieved in ~65% cases (e.g., tax reductions, law repeals), but systemic issues like inequality persist.
Comparative Table of Wheat and Gold Prices (1947-Present), with Yearly Yields of Wheat and Rice
Data compiled from multiple sources: Wheat prices use average market prices (pre-1966) and MSP (post-1966, INR/quintal); gold prices are yearly averages (INR/10g); yields are in kg/ha. MSP for wheat began in 1966-67 at 76 INR/quintal. “Other crops” focused on rice as a major staple; data gaps filled with estimates from trends where exact figures unavailable (e.g., pre-1950 yields low ~600-700 kg/ha). Sources include govt stats, USDA, Statista. Table abbreviated for key years; full yearly data would be exhaustive.
| Year | Wheat Price (INR/Quintal) | Gold Price (INR/10g) | Wheat Yield (kg/ha) | Rice Yield (kg/ha) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1947 | ~35 (est. market) | ~88 | ~650 (est.) | ~650 (est.) |
| 1948 | ~38 | ~92 | 800 | 700 |
| 1950-51 | ~42 | 99 | 663 | 668 |
| 1955-56 | ~50 | 79 | 708 | 874 |
| 1960-61 | ~60 | 111 | 851 | 1013 |
| 1965-66 | ~70 | 72 | 827 | 862 |
| 1966-67 | 76 (MSP start) | 84 | 887 | 864 |
| 1970-71 | 76 | 184 | 1307 | 1123 |
| 1975-76 | 105 | 540 | 1410 | 1235 |
| 1979-80 | 115 | 937 | 1630 | 1156 |
| 1980-81 | 130 | 1330 | 1630 | 1336 |
| 1985-86 | 162 | 2130 | 2046 | 1558 |
| 1990-91 | 225 | 3200 | 2281 | 1740 |
| 1995-96 | 360 | 5160 | 2483 | 1797 |
| 2000-01 | 580 | 4400 | 2708 | 1901 |
| 2005-06 | 650 | 7000 | 2619 | 2102 |
| 2010-11 | 1120 | 18500 | 2989 | 2239 |
| 2013-14 | 1350 | 29600 | 3115 | 2424 |
| 2014-15 | 1400 | 28007 | 2872 | 2390 |
| 2015-16 | 1450 | 26344 | 3034 | 2400 |
| 2016-17 | 1525 | 28624 | 3208 | 2494 |
| 2017-18 | 1625 | 29668 | 3368 | 2576 |
| 2018-19 | 1735 | 31438 | 3538 | 2637 |
| 2019-20 | 1840 | 35220 | 3427 | 2720 |
| 2020-21 | 1925 | 48651 | 3465 | 2719 |
| 2021-22 | 1975 | 47905 | 3465 | 2783 |
| 2022-23 | 2015 | 52670 | 3362 | 2722 |
| 2023-24 | 2125 | 65330 | 3490 (est.) | 2850 (est.) |
| 2024-25 | 2275 | 64070 | 3560 (est.) | 2800 (est.) |
Explanation of Data Compilation:
- Wheat Price: Pre-1966 based on wholesale averages (e.g., Punjab 42.8 in 1952); post-1966 MSP from govt records (e.g., rose from 76 to 2275 by 2024-25). To arrive at values, average state prices or trend extrapolations used for gaps.
- Gold Price: Yearly averages from historical charts; e.g., 1947 ~88, rose exponentially due to inflation/global factors. Calculation: Sum monthly highs/lows, divide by 12 for annual avg.
- Yields: From govt stats/FAO; e.g., wheat from 663 (1950) to 3560 (2024-25) via Green Revolution boost. Rice similar. Data pieced from partial tables (1950-1978), surveys (1979-2013), and recent estimates (post-2014). To compute, production divided by area gives yield. Gaps estimated via linear interpolation between known points.
Wheat prices have risen ~65x since 1947, but gold ~730x, showing gold as better hedge. Yields quadrupled post-Green Revolution (1960s), but stagnated recently due to soil degradation/climate.
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